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| List: Carolina-Leps Date: Fri, 10 Jul 2026 08:29:00 -0400 From: Jeff Pippen (via carolinaleps Mailing List) <carolinaleps...> Subject: Re: Question about Azures food plants |
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--Apple-Mail=_13666B08-E2B8-4824-82E5-0F341FF1642B Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Apple-Mail=_CA4920C2-C4EB-4B40-AA68-9DC7F969229B" --Apple-Mail=_CA4920C2-C4EB-4B40-AA68-9DC7F969229B Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Lepsters, In the FWIW department, here is how Google's Gemini AI answered the = question: =E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2= =80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80= =94=E2=80=94 "The Appalachian Azure (Celastrina neglectamajor) uses black cohosh = (Actaea racemosa) as its exclusive caterpillar host plant. Females lay = eggs almost entirely on its unopened flower spikes. [1 = <https://alabama.butterflyatlas.usf.edu/species/details/38/appalachian-azu= re>, 2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_azure>, 3 = <http://watchingtheseasons.blogspot.com/2011/06/azure-phenology-and-appala= chian-azure.html>] Summer Azures (Celastrina neglecta) do not rely on it as a primary host, = but they occasionally lay eggs on black cohosh. However, unlike = Celastrina neglectamajor caterpillars, Celastrina neglecta larvae are = unable to survive on this food plant for long. [1 = <https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/>, 2 = <https://www.instagram.com/p/DZYIcfwlMGR/>] Because of these behavioral and dietary differences, experts note that = the presence of caterpillars alone is insufficient proof of the = Appalachian Azure; they must be verified by specific lifecycle traits = and flight periods. You can read more about identifying these species = through the Appalachian Azure Guide = <https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/> via the New York Natural = Heritage Program. [1 <https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/>, 2 = <https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/black_cohosh.htm>, = 3 = <https://www.piedmontmastergardeners.org/article/black-cohosh-and-dolls-ey= es-tall-shade-loving-and-native/>]" =E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2= =80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80= =94 Most of this info comes from the NY Natural Heritage Program website.=20 Have a good weekend everyone! Jeff -- Jeffrey S. Pippen Mebane, NC Research Specialist, Georgetown University Director, Carolinas Butterfly Monitoring Program = <https://www.jeffpippen.com/butterflies/carolinasbmp/carbmp-protocols.htm>= | N. Am. Butterfly Monitoring Network = <https://www.thebutterflynetwork.org/> | Jeff=E2=80=99s Nature Pages = <https://www.jeffpippen.com/> > On Jul 7, 2026, at 8:53=E2=80=AFAM, Pete Dixon = <pete555eliot...> wrote: >=20 > Interesting you brought this up. I recently saw an Azure ovipositing = on black cohosh blossom which was dime sized. So my assumptions about = appy=E2=80=99s being big are definitely questionable. Pete >=20 > On Tue, Jul 7, 2026 at 8:47=E2=80=AFAM Jeff Pippen = <carolinaleps...> <mailto:<carolinaleps...>> wrote: >> Hi All, >>=20 >> Great photo and question, Guy!! You most certainly have an = Appalachian Azure there. Because of the challenges with azure ID, I = think flight times are still being elucidated, but according to azure = experts, Appy Azure can fly into July. In fact, Ryan Chaffee and I = found two MALE Appy Azures in the Green Mountain area of NC last week, = so they are still =E2=80=9Con the wing=E2=80=9D in some places for sure. >>=20 >> Here=E2=80=99s the excerpt about flight times from the Butterflies of = NC website: >>=20 >> FLIGHT PERIOD: A single brood; late April into mid-July, depending on = elevation. The flight period occurs in the "valley" between the brood of = the Spring Azure and the first major brood of the Summer Azure. That is, = when the males of Appalachian Azures begin to appear from late April to = mid-May, generally only females of Spring Azures and first-brood Summer = Azures are present. Female Appalachian Azures fly mainly from late May = to early July; in fact, Harry Pavulaan states that Appalachian Azures = fly well into July in the higher elevations in the Smokies. Males are = probably finished flying by mid-June, at least in the lower elevations. = Male Summer Azures generally emerge as male Appalachians become worn and = thus primarily fly during the flight of female Appalachians. Thus, the = statement that Appalachian Azure flies in the gap between the first and = second broods of the Spring Azure complex is an over-simplification, as = this gap is not a long one, and much overlapping with the single brood = of Appalachian Azure occurs. >>=20 >> Cheers, >> Jeff >> -- >> Jeffrey S. Pippen >> Mebane, NC >> Research Specialist, Georgetown University >> Director, Carolinas Butterfly Monitoring Program = <https://www.jeffpippen.com/butterflies/carolinasbmp/carbmp-protocols.htm>= | N. Am. Butterfly Monitoring Network = <https://www.thebutterflynetwork.org/> | Jeff=E2=80=99s Nature Pages = <https://www.jeffpippen.com/> >>=20 >>> On Jul 7, 2026, at 8:31=E2=80=AFAM, <badgerboy...> = <mailto:<badgerboy...> wrote: >>>=20 >>> Will Summer Azures ever oviposit on Black Cohosh? My references = appear to say no, but other experience would be appreciated. See my iNat = report of a presumed Appalachian Azure with pics of it ovipositing on = Black Cohosh here <https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/379047596>. = Its pretty late in the season for them. >>>=20 >>> Guy (McGrane, Boone NC) >>=20 --Apple-Mail=_CA4920C2-C4EB-4B40-AA68-9DC7F969229B Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 <html aria-label=3D"message body"><head><meta http-equiv=3D"content-type" = content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dutf-8"></head><body = style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; = line-break: after-white-space;">Lepsters,<div><br></div><div>In the FWIW = department, here is how Google's Gemini AI answered the = question:</div><div>=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94= =E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2= =80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94</div><div><br></div><div><div = class=3D"n6owBd awi2gc" data-sfc-cp=3D"" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"TDBkbc#Ml18Xb" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_i" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-hveid=3D"CAIIAAgECAYQAA" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 0px 16px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-size: 16px; font-family: "Google Sans", Arial, = sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 16px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);"><span data-subtree=3D"aimfl,mfl" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">"The </span><strong class=3D"Yjhzub" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"zYmgkd#vvzi1e" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_j" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">Appalachian Azure</strong> (<em class=3D"eujQNb" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"yHWXO#Mkm8ud" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_k" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);">Celastrina = neglectamajor</em>) uses <strong class=3D"Yjhzub" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"zYmgkd#vvzi1e" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_l" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">black cohosh</strong> (<em class=3D"eujQNb" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"yHWXO#Mkm8ud" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_m" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);">Actaea = racemosa</em>) as its <strong class=3D"Yjhzub" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"zYmgkd#vvzi1e" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_n" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">exclusive caterpillar host plant</strong>. <mark = jsuid=3D"eR0ald_o" class=3D"HxTRcb" = jsaction=3D"click:&eR0ald_o|h5M12e;mouseenter:&eR0ald_o|sbHm2b;mou= seleave:&eR0ald_o|Tx5Rb;rcuQ6b:&eR0ald_o|npT2md" = jscontroller=3D"DfH0l#VLQhtf" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" = data-wiz-uids=3D"eR0ald_p" data-sfc-cb=3D"" = data-ved=3D"2ahUKEwjfl-zmjMiVAxXZlYkEHXHkMPMQuJAPegoIAggACAQIBhAB" = data-complete=3D"true" data-sfc-inited=3D"2" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(0, 29, 53);">Females lay = eggs almost entirely on its unopened flower spikes</mark>. [<a = href=3D"https://alabama.butterflyatlas.usf.edu/species/details/38/appalach= ian-azure">1</a>, <a = href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_azure">2</a>, <a = href=3D"http://watchingtheseasons.blogspot.com/2011/06/azure-phenology-and= -appalachian-azure.html">3</a>]</div><div class=3D"n6owBd awi2gc" = data-sfc-cp=3D"" jsaction=3D"" jscontroller=3D"TDBkbc#Ml18Xb" = data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_z" data-sfc-cb=3D"" = data-hveid=3D"CAIIAAgECAkQAA" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-size: 16px; font-family: "Google Sans", Arial, = sans-serif; margin: 12px 0px 16px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);"><strong class=3D"Yjhzub" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"zYmgkd#vvzi1e" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_10" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">Summer Azures</strong> (<em class=3D"eujQNb" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"yHWXO#Mkm8ud" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_11" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);">Celastrina = neglecta</em>) do not rely on it as a primary host, but they = occasionally lay eggs on black cohosh. However, unlike <em = class=3D"eujQNb" jsaction=3D"" jscontroller=3D"yHWXO#Mkm8ud" = data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_12" data-sfc-cb=3D"" = data-complete=3D"true" data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: = Google Sans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; = margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);">Celastrina = neglectamajor</em> caterpillars, <em class=3D"eujQNb" = jsaction=3D"" jscontroller=3D"yHWXO#Mkm8ud" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" = jsuid=3D"eR0ald_13" data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);">Celastrina = neglecta</em> larvae are <strong class=3D"Yjhzub" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"zYmgkd#vvzi1e" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_14" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">unable to survive on this food plant for long</strong>. [<a = href=3D"https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/">1</a>, <a = href=3D"https://www.instagram.com/p/DZYIcfwlMGR/">2</a>]</div><div = data-bfc=3D"" = data-ved=3D"2ahUKEwjfl-zmjMiVAxXZlYkEHXHkMPMQi4wTegoIAggACAQIDRAA" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"font-size: 16px; font-family: "Google Sans", Arial, = sans-serif; margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);"><div = class=3D"n6owBd awi2gc" data-sfc-cp=3D"" jsaction=3D"" = jscontroller=3D"TDBkbc#Ml18Xb" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" jsuid=3D"eR0ald_1d" = data-sfc-cb=3D"" data-hveid=3D"CAIIAAgECA0QAQ" data-complete=3D"true" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 12px 0px 16px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 12px 0px 16px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, = 10);">Because of these behavioral and dietary differences, experts note = that the presence of caterpillars alone is insufficient proof of the = Appalachian Azure; they must be verified by specific lifecycle traits = and flight periods. You can read more about identifying these species = through the <span jsuid=3D"eR0ald_1e" data-sfc-cp=3D"" = jsaction=3D"mouseenter:&eR0ald_1e|WOQqYb;mouseleave:&eR0ald_1e|Tx5= Rb;focusin:&eR0ald_1e|mrwrPd;focusout:&eR0ald_1e|mFndSc;pointerdow= n:&eR0ald_1e|FEiYhc;click:&eR0ald_1e|C6aVhd;" = jscontroller=3D"KMhGd#Mx1qPe" data-sfc-root=3D"ep" data-sfc-cb=3D"" = data-complete=3D"true" data-sfc-inited=3D"2" = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);" = style=3D"margin: 0px; border-bottom: 0px rgb(10, 10, 10);"><a = class=3D"H23r4e" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener" = data-ved=3D"2ahUKEwjfl-zmjMiVAxXZlYkEHXHkMPMQy_kOegoIAggACAQIDRAC" = data-hveid=3D"CAIIAAgECA0QAg" = href=3D"https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/" = data-sb=3D"/url?sa=3Di&source=3Dweb&rct=3Dj&url=3Dhttps://guid= es.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/&ved=3D2ahUKEwjfl-zmjMiVAxXZlYkEHXHkMPM= Qy_kOegoIAggACAQIDRAC&opi=3D89978449&cd&psig=3DAOvVaw3Hjz2AIxb= Vdvax2sooP3hS&ust=3D1783772575067000" aria-label=3D"Appalachian = Azure Guide. Link preview. Site: New York Natural Heritage Program. = Title: Appalachian Azure Guide - New York Natural Heritage Program. URL: = https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/." = data-copy-service-computed-style=3D"font-family: Google Sans, Arial, = sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; = text-decoration: underline 1px rgb(26, 13, 171); border-bottom: 0px = rgb(26, 13, 171);" style=3D"margin: 0px; text-decoration: underline; = border-bottom: 0px rgb(26, 13, 171);">Appalachian Azure = Guide</a></span> via the New York Natural Heritage = Program. [<a = href=3D"https://guides.nynhp.org/appalachian-azure/">1</a>, <a = href=3D"https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/black_cohosh.= htm">2</a>, <a = href=3D"https://www.piedmontmastergardeners.org/article/black-cohosh-and-d= olls-eyes-tall-shade-loving-and-native/">3</a>]"</div></div><div>=E2=80=94= =E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2= =80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94=E2=80=94</div= ><div><br></div><div>Most of this info comes from the NY Natural = Heritage Program website. </div><div><br></div><div>Have a good = weekend everyone!</div><div><br></div><div>Jeff</div><div><div><div = dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: = space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" = style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; = line-break: after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"overflow-wrap: = break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;"><div = style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; = line-break: after-white-space;"><div style=3D"overflow-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div>--</div><div>Jeffrey S. = Pippen</div><div>Mebane, NC</div><div>Research Specialist, Georgetown = University</div><div>Director, <a = href=3D"https://www.jeffpippen.com/butterflies/carolinasbmp/carbmp-protoco= ls.htm">Carolinas Butterfly Monitoring Program</a> | = <a href=3D"https://www.thebutterflynetwork.org/">N. Am. = Butterfly Monitoring Network</a> | <a = href=3D"https://www.jeffpippen.com/">Jeff=E2=80=99s Nature = Pages</a></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></= div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><bloc= kquote type=3D"cite"><div>On Jul 7, 2026, at 8:53=E2=80=AFAM, Pete Dixon = <<pete555eliot...>> wrote:</div><br = class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div><div dir=3D"auto">Interesting = you brought this up. I recently saw an Azure ovipositing on black cohosh = blossom which was dime sized. So my assumptions about appy=E2=80=99s = being big are definitely questionable. Pete</div><div><br><div = class=3D"gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir=3D"ltr" = class=3D"gmail_attr">On Tue, Jul 7, 2026 at 8:47=E2=80=AFAM Jeff Pippen = <<a href=3D"mailto:<carolinaleps...>"><carolinaleps...></a>>= wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 = .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div = style=3D"line-break:after-white-space">Hi All,<div><br></div><div>Great = photo and question, Guy!! You most certainly have an Appalachian = Azure there. Because of the challenges with azure ID, I think = flight times are still being elucidated, but according to azure experts, = Appy Azure can fly into July. In fact, Ryan Chaffee and I found = two MALE Appy Azures in the Green Mountain area of NC last week, so they = are still =E2=80=9Con the wing=E2=80=9D in some places for = sure.</div><div><br></div><div>Here=E2=80=99s the excerpt about flight = times from the Butterflies of NC website:</div><div><br></div><div><span = style=3D"font-family:-webkit-standard;font-size:medium">FLIGHT PERIOD: A = single brood; late April into mid-July, depending on elevation. The = flight period occurs in the "valley" between the brood of the Spring = Azure and the first major brood of the Summer Azure. That is, when the = males of Appalachian Azures begin to appear from late April to mid-May, = generally only females of Spring Azures and first-brood Summer Azures = are present. Female Appalachian Azures fly mainly from late May to early = July; in fact, Harry Pavulaan states that Appalachian Azures fly well = into July in the higher elevations in the Smokies. Males are probably = finished flying by mid-June, at least in the lower elevations. Male = Summer Azures generally emerge as male Appalachians become worn and thus = primarily fly during the flight of female Appalachians. Thus, the = statement that Appalachian Azure flies in the gap between the first and = second broods of the Spring Azure complex is an over-simplification, as = this gap is not a long one, and much overlapping with the single brood = of Appalachian Azure occurs.</span></div><div><font = face=3D"-webkit-standard" size=3D"3"><br></font></div><div><font = face=3D"-webkit-standard" size=3D"3">Cheers,</font></div><div><font = face=3D"-webkit-standard" size=3D"3">Jeff</font></div><div><div> <div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; = text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; = word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div dir=3D"auto" style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: = start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; = word-spacing: 0px; line-break: after-white-space;"><div = style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; = text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; = line-break: after-white-space;"><div style=3D"letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; line-break: = after-white-space;"><div>--</div><div>Jeffrey S. = Pippen</div><div>Mebane, NC</div><div>Research Specialist, Georgetown = University</div><div>Director, <a = href=3D"https://www.jeffpippen.com/butterflies/carolinasbmp/carbmp-protoco= ls.htm" target=3D"_blank">Carolinas Butterfly Monitoring = Program</a> | <a = href=3D"https://www.thebutterflynetwork.org/" target=3D"_blank">N. Am. = Butterfly Monitoring Network</a> | <a = href=3D"https://www.jeffpippen.com/" target=3D"_blank">Jeff=E2=80=99s = Nature = Pages</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div= ></div> </div> <div><br><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div>On Jul 7, 2026, at 8:31=E2=80=AFAM= , <a href=3D"mailto:<badgerboy...>" = target=3D"_blank"><badgerboy...></a> wrote:</div><br><div> =20 =20 =20 <div><p>Will Summer Azures ever oviposit on Black Cohosh? My = references appear to say no, but other experience would be appreciated. See my iNat report of a presumed Appalachian Azure with pics of it ovipositing on Black Cohosh <a = href=3D"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/379047596" = target=3D"_blank">here</a>. Its pretty late in the season for them.</p> <div>Guy (McGrane, Boone NC)</div> </div> </div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></blockquote></div></div> </div></blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>= --Apple-Mail=_CA4920C2-C4EB-4B40-AA68-9DC7F969229B-- --Apple-Mail=_13666B08-E2B8-4824-82E5-0F341FF1642B Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=smime.p7s Content-Type: application/pkcs7-signature; name=smime.p7s Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 MIAGCSqGSIb3DQEHAqCAMIACAQExDzANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFADCABgkqhkiG9w0BBwEAAKCCA0Aw ggM8MIICJKADAgECAgrl1Mv9CoXrk+IFMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMEwxFzAVBgNVBAMTDkplZmZy ZXkgUGlwcGVuMSQwIgYJKoZIhvcNAQkBFhVqZWZmcGlwcGVuOUBnbWFpbC5jb20xCzAJBgNVBAYT AlVTMB4XDTI0MDgyNTE3NTcxMVoXDTI5MDgyNTE3NTcxMVowTDEXMBUGA1UEAxMOSmVmZnJleSBQ aXBwZW4xJDAiBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWFWplZmZwaXBwZW45QGdtYWlsLmNvbTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMw ggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDCfSNCPyMECGWbR3Eg13DFkWstzx2nDlYc PrPkwsxHCq2Z1NHwgOgTZVy+fBu6N1Vt52USCFXnwlg4gITSyTJAlwnHhXwYgZGw9OE25jtPiCNS 9PibsC9wYbxeJwZZn5YK6HoVpiB8MYkKbP9E6hKNiZSsyTlz7imD+d4+tr0b6A6yz4jdADTjBGxz abKP5xvGdw9t+LDy2BseuAdMaVLPYhRfXo5TT19rkXtIu98RQKyn06Ww7686piuP4MwAqdiVRJL6 p1n1/FL+akPiyg9TtsWSTLAXNZDYYwMIYV86ImFQAABl480zQEyydjlC6oUWiY+aR5vj326pb9+3 4UcRAgMBAAGjIDAeMA8GCSqGSIb3LwEBCgQCBQAwCwYDVR0PBAQDAgeAMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUA A4IBAQArAIuRVodwg3jvVZGsCJwLYBwliGUeXUEtAi2aQQDMw5XYDiQZbh0bM1jb/oZHYO0Z1B8P Sm0bnqAJPJkjlbnYqJadVqja5MXOCN5ciSbOqTjyGKyrjUAKEz5XDnHHFeqtrYftusr2j7LHU4gP Wo63ePplg3d6zaHeeSvXtP3XCJ/X9j5LQy6a0WRV9mu13ne4IX5iJv3ndViNqKh2CJCs3MqLKDbk jqUQBm7JfgseneIajMBnTPm6mWbLbc66BSn6+3fPVyjFcsbKg59WinBieBLpqtwkn0h4z5BtV+xk RqluJSPHP25YH/K8gECKCTGKaRiUGymPyq0KUIg7IkXoMYIB8DCCAewCAQEwWjBMMRcwFQYDVQQD Ew5KZWZmcmV5IFBpcHBlbjEkMCIGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYVamVmZnBpcHBlbjlAZ21haWwuY29tMQsw CQYDVQQGEwJVUwIK5dTL/QqF65PiBTANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFAKBpMBgGCSqGSIb3DQEJAzELBgkq hkiG9w0BBwEwHAYJKoZIhvcNAQkFMQ8XDTI2MDcxMDEyMjkwMFowLwYJKoZIhvcNAQkEMSIEIKn5 nli1a5fFY91haiMZALcvvwSbhTjff2eq/NJCvoenMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUABIIBAHPVsCF2gmxn /i+Y3fbX3/e41n5kkMYanMfHPnXSbhPZa/PVGZnLi2PrpxyWiMVob8urkEzX78garqdNwjFb9dIf o7/aRbovnfRlNpktJlX2hG2oMicyZ3r0xr+X74IuYpXP5wctUvLXmSemEk8fL9BB8PX6ryel7USP cF3UxVcdXWdS7FEdvbseHc5kdriHUERmqM3noxMe50UYQnWuYBuIF+6E/0lqu4Pe062z7w9GcZUL UHAQ0WTcZWwsDsyK+55fhYpxwLbZNJuzXn5L3NKVH4kyu06Xdjzro75UJwoI6t2LgN39duhymiRh G9dtO2IFWS31P6xuxNUfKWM61ioAAAAAAAA= --Apple-Mail=_13666B08-E2B8-4824-82E5-0F341FF1642B-- |
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